Overexpression of a small heat‐shock‐protein gene enhances tolerance to abiotic stresses in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world which survives from various abiotic stresses in natural environments with specific stress‐involved genes expressed. Plant sHSPs (small heat‐shock proteins) were reported to respond to abiotic stresses. To improve the understanding of sHSPs in rice, we characterized heat‐shock‐protein gene OsHSP18.6 here. OsHSP18.6 could be induced by diverse stresses, such as drought, salt and cold, especially under heat. The gene was found expressed in root, stem, leaf, internode and spikelet. Overexpression of OsHSP18.6 results in increased thermotolerance and exhibits universal tolerance to stresses tested, including heat, drought, salt and cold. Lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and greater activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed in OsHSP18.6‐overexpression rice under heat and drought. OsHSP18.6‐overexpression lines indicated decreased sterile rates under hot weather without remarkable changes in most of other agronomic traits compared with wild‐type plants.     

有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响

以杂交粳稻(常优2号、常优5号、甬优8号)和常规粳稻(淮稻5号、南粳46、南粳5055)为试材,比较研究了有机和常规栽培方式对两种类型粳稻的产量和品质的影响,探索了有机栽培条件下杂交粳稻实现稳产优质的可能性。结果表明,有机栽培杂交、常规粳稻平均产量分别为8.11 t hm–2和6.29 t hm–2,前者比后者高28.93%。有机栽培杂交粳稻的群体总茎蘖数低于常规粳稻,但成穗率较常规粳稻增加了6.5个百分点。两种类型水稻叶面积指数和光合势在各生育期均表现为有机栽培常规栽培,但有机栽培杂交粳稻叶面积指数和光合势降幅较小。有机栽培条件下,杂交粳稻生育后期平均群体生长率是常规粳稻1.29倍,干物质积累比例高出8.81个百分点。有机栽培略微降低了杂交粳稻的加工品质,但显著改善了外观品质,提高胶稠度、降低直链淀粉含量,对蛋白质含量影响较小,总体上改善了蒸煮食味品质。有机栽培下杂交粳稻产量优势明显且有较好的品质性状,在有机稻米产业发展中具有独特的应用价值。     

Evaluation of genetic variation among wild rice populations in Cambodia

A total of 448 samples in five natural populations of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) were collected in Cambodia. They were examined using 12 SSR and two chloroplast markers to evaluate the degree of variation among populations and the genetic structure within populations. In the two annual populations, the number of plants with homozygous alleles at all 12 SSR loci were high (66.3% and 79.5%), suggesting that these plants propagate mainly through self-pollination. In the three perennial populations, no individuals had all homozygous genotypes, but redundant genotypes resulted from clonal propagation were observed. Percentages of the redundant genotypes were highly varied (3.6%, 29.2% and 86.0%). This may be due to the different stable levels of environmental conditions. As for chloroplast genome, most of the wild plants showed the same chloroplast types as most Indica-type cultivars have. However, plants with different chloroplast types were maintained, even in the same population. In tropical Asian countries, many wild rice populations were observed under similar ecological conditions examined in this study. Therefore, the present results concerning population structure will be important to further elucidate genetic features of wild rice, and will also give strong clues to utilize and conserve wild natural genetic resources.     

Molecular functions of genes related to grain shape in rice

Because grain shape is an important component of rice grain yield, the discovery of genes related to rice grain shape has attracted much attention of rice breeding programs. In recent years, some of these genes have been cloned and studied. They have been found not only regulate grain shape by changing the shape of the spikelet hull, but also regulate endosperm development through control of cell division using different molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we review the recent research on genes related to rice grain shape and their possible regulatory mechanisms.     

水稻籽粒有关性状与粒重关系的初步探讨

成熟期测定武育粳２号不同比重籽粒的有关性状，分析其与粒重的关系。结果表明：（１）不同比重谷粒及其糙米的长、宽度差异较小，厚度、体积差异较大，千粒重极差达６．４３ｇ；谷壳的面积和体积差异较小，谷壳重及单位面积谷壳重差异较大；（２）粒重为谷粒体积与比重的乘积，随着谷粒体积的增大，其比重明显提高（ｒ＝０．９２３４），粒重极显著地增加（ｒ＝０．９８８０）；（３）谷粒体积与糙米体积的大小关系密切（ｒ＝０．９     

超高产两系杂交稻不同施氨水平剑叶光合特性研究

研究了超高产两系杂交稻两优培九、金两优36在不同施氮水平下剑叶的光合特性，结果表明，两优培九、金两优36在每公顷施氮120kg、165kg、210kg 3种水平下，剑叶比叶重、叶绿素含量、光合速率均比对照汕优63高，这可能是两优培九、金两优36高产的生理基础之一。在每公顷施氮120-210kg的范围内，两优培九剑叶光合速率及产量均随施氮水平的增加而提高，金两优36剑叶光合速率及产量在公顷施氮165kg最高，增加到210kg时反而下降。     

移动式低温烘干机干燥晚籼稻生产性试验

本文对移动式低温烘干机干燥晚籼稻进行了生产性试验，对其应用效果和使用过程中存在的问题客观科学地加以分析研究，从中积累经验，为进一步应用提供了技术支持。     

陆稻抗旱性主要指标的研究

在大田栽培水分子缺条件下，对３个陆稻品种的部分抗旱指标进行了测定，分析在正常供水与水分胁迫两种条件下的生理反应差异，从而对其抗旱性鉴定进行了探讨。结果表明，水分胁迫下的叶片游离脯氮酸含量，可溶性糖含量，叶细胞膜透性，组织相对含水量，离体叶片失水百分率，根冠比等都可作为陆稻抗旱性鉴定指标，并应用以上指标采取模糊隶属法对３个品种的抗旱性进行了综合评价，合江５号属全期弱抗品种，东陆１号全期中抗品种，推广     

超高产杂交粳稻育种研究与实践

阐述了超高产杂交粳稻育种的历史、生产应用现状和存在的问题,认为发掘与利用优异基因资源、进行杂种优势利用的技术创新是杂交粳稻取得突破的前提,提出了南方水稻主产区超高产杂交粳稻育种途径和株型模式,并育成产量潜力12t/hm2的超高产杂交粳稻组合。建议加强超高产杂交粳稻配套栽培技术研究和技术培训。     

米糠油防治储粮害虫的研究

"米糠油防治储粮害虫研究"表明,毛米糠油是一种对储粮害虫有强引诱力的植物性诱杀剂,用毛米糠油防治储粮害虫,方法简便易行,成本低廉,不污染粮食,不影响粮食的加工和经济价值,不产生公害,特别是消除了害虫的抗药性.它不仅适用于大规模储粮的国库,亦适宜于城乡千家万户的小批量储粮.